A PROPOSED FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR RESEARCH OF SAME-DIFFERENCE IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND PRAGMATIC FAILURE IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: REFERENCE OF MANIFESTATION (CULTURE) (ARTICLE 2)

Abstract

Following a critical review of different approaches to the reference of ‘Manifestation’ by different scholars in the previous article, an approach with 14 categorical dimensions and their metapragmatic manifestations and pragmatic expressions is proposed. A conceptual model of ontological and epistemological nature is also advanced for this reference direction in order to clarify the author’s perspective on the one hand and to suggest operational models for intercultural/cross-cultural research of manifestations/expressions of specific categorical dimensions on the other.