Microbial Etiologic Agents and Microbiological Diagnostic Tests for the Detection of Pathogens in Acute Diarrhea in Children

Abstract

Acute diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children. Its etiology is diverse, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, with viruses accounting for a high proportion of hospitalized cases. This review aims to update the common microbial pathogens responsible for acute diarrhea in children and to analyze the roles, performance, and limitations of current microbiological diagnostic methods. The review is based on a synthesis and analysis of national and international scientific literature on pathogen epidemiology and diagnostic techniques. The evidence indicates that Rotavirus and Norovirus are the predominant viral agents; Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter are frequently implicated bacterial pathogens; while Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium play significant roles in persistent or severe diarrhea. Molecular diagnostic techniques, particularly multiplex PCR, demonstrate high sensitivity and rapid turnaround time; however, they remain costly and require careful interpretation. The selection of appropriate diagnostic methods should be guided by the clinical context and available resources in order to optimize diagnosis and treatment.