Assessing Land Cover Changes and Surface Temperature Impact of Golf Course Development in Hanoi Using Remote Sensing

Abstract

The rapid pace of urbanization has led to significant changes in land use, directly impacting local climatic conditions, particularly land surface temperature (LST). Among the expanding forms of land use are golf courses, which require large areas and often replace natural vegetation cover. This shift disrupts the surface energy balance and alters the regional thermal environment. This study employs remote sensing data to analyze the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on LST in the context of golf course expansion in Hanoi from 1989 to 2023. The specific objectives of this research are: (i) to assess changes in LULC and the expansion of golf courses; (ii) to calculate LST; and (iii) to analyze the relationship between LULC and LST in the years 1989, 1999, 2009, 2020, and 2023. The results show a continuous decline in vegetative cover over time, while built-up areas and bare land have significantly increased from 1989 to 2023. The highest LST values were recorded in the city center, where high building density and limited greenery are observed. Notably, the conversion of land into golf courses has also contributed to LST increases, depending on the previous land cover type. Statistical analysis between areas inside and outside golf courses reveals clear differences in LST, indicating the thermal impact of golf course development. These findings highlight the importance of integrating thermal considerations into urban planning, aiming for sustainable development amid rapid urbanization.