ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSERVATION PROPOSALS FOR PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE S.C. CHEN & Z. H. TSI IN NORTHERN VIETNAM

Abstract

Paphiopedilum malipoense is a rare and endangered terrestrial orchid species in the family Orchidaceae, possessing significant conservation and ornamental value. This species has a very narrow distribution, mainly confined to limestone mountains in northern Vietnam, and is classified as Endangered (EN) in both the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) and the IUCN Red List. This study was conducted in the provinces of Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan, Lang Son, and Son La to comprehensively assess the ecological characteristics, distribution status, and propose appropriate conservation measures for the species. Survey results indicated that P. malipoense predominantly occurs at elevations ranging from 600 to 1,500 m above sea level, in areas characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate with mean annual temperatures of 16.5 - 23 °C, relative humidity of 80 - 89%, and annual precipitation of 1,400 - 2,300 mm. The species thrives under the canopy of evergreen forests on limestone mountains, particularly in microhabitats with thick humus layers, high canopy coverage (>70%), and moist soil conditions. However, overexploitation for commercial purposes and habitat degradation caused by agricultural expansion and limestone quarrying have led to severe population fragmentation. The number of mature individuals in the wild has drastically declined, posing a risk of local extinction in certain areas. To effectively conserve P. malipoense, an integrated approach is required, including in-situ conservation of natural habitats, ex-situ propagation and population restoration, community awareness campaigns, strict management policies, and enhanced monitoring of wild populations. In addition, the international collaborations and further studies of the genetic diversity and ecological requirements of the species are crucial for developing a long-term conservation strategy.