Science Journal of Agriculture and Environment)
Journal of Ministry of Agriculture and Environment
TRANSITION OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN VIETNAM
This study analyzes the transition process of the air quality governance model in Vietnam within the context of institutional consolidation during the 2024 - 2025 period. Employing a systematic review and data benchmarking approach, the paper identifies that the current management focus has shifted from completing the legal framework to addressing the practical requirements of implementation organization. The analytical results emphasize the importance of establishing an optimal roadmap for environmental protection fees to ensure benefit harmonization, thereby creating substantive economic incentives for enterprises to innovate technology. Furthermore, the establishment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment is identified as a strategic advancement in multi-sector governance, posing new requirements for the synchronization and adaptive capacity of the local monitoring system during the transition period. Based on these findings, the study proposes a strategic orientation prioritizing the optimization of economic instruments and the strengthening of enforcement resources at the grassroots level.
DETERMINING TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESSING OF GREEN PEPPER PRODUCTS
Peppercorn (Piper nigrum L.) is widely grown in Vietnam, including in Quang Tri province and is used as a food spice. Green peppercorn contains many chemical components, especially oils and alkaloids. Green pepper is harvested while still green, with only 5 - 10% of the fruits in a cluster having ripened. The endocarp has not yet hardening and the seed is still soft. The whole cluster is harvested while still green on the plant, then dried, packaged and preserved. The aim of this research is to determine the technological parameters for drying green peppercorn of Quang Tri province using freeze-drying combined with infrared radiation. The cold drying method combined with infrared radiation is a method of drying materials under low temperature conditions combined with infrared lamps to dry the materials. This technology has many advantages, including reduced drying time, uniform temperature distribution, flexibility in heating by zone, simple and compact equipment and especially energy saving, allowing drying at low temperatures to minimize product quality degradation due to heat. The results show that 2000 g of green peppercorn soaked in a solution of 3000 ml filtered water, 7.5 g citric acid and 2 g salt, the drying temperature is 40°C, the thickness of the green peppercorns layer on the drying tray is 11 mm (equivalent to two layers of pepper) and the wind speed is 1.5 m/s. The drying time per batch of green peppercorn is more than 37 hours 15 minutes, the distance between the infrared bulbs is 10 cm and the final product moisture content reaches 7 - 8%. The product has an essential oil content of 2.15 ± 0.01%, an alkaloid content of 0.065 ± 0.001%, a greenish-yellow color, a natural aroma, a naturally spicy taste and is dry, crispy, and less prone to wrinkling.
RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBIOTIC PRODUCT FROM BROWN RICE USING Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745
The development of non-dairy probiotic beverages represents a promising alternative for individuals adhering to a vegan diet, those with milk protein allergies and individuals with lactose intolerance. Saccharomyces boulardii is currently the only commercially available probiotic yeast approved for human consumption. In addition to its probiotic characteristics, S. boulardii has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of various forms of diarrhea, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Brown rice is known for its numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of diabetes, obesity and cancer. This study aimed to develop a probiotic beverage derived from brown rice using S. boulardii as the fermenting agent. The optimal fermentation conditions determined were as follows: an initial soluble solids concentration of 12°Bx, an initial pH of 6.0 and an inoculum ratio of 0.5%. After 24 hours of fermentation at 28°C, the yeast cell density reached 9.54 × 107 CFU/mL. The resulting probiotic brown rice beverage exhibited a soluble solids concentration of 10.6°Bx, a final pH of 3.94 and an ethanol concentration of 0.63% v/v. The sensory evaluation yielded a score of 18.6 points. After 28 days of storage at 4 ± 1°C, the viable cell count of S. boulardii remained at 9.45 × 107 CFU/mL, indicating good stability of the probiotic population over time.
PREVALENCE, PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD ALTERATIONS AND EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THE PARASITIC BLOOD DISEASE CAUSED BY Babesia spp. IN DOGS
This study was conducted on 1,437 dogs presented for examination and treatment at veterinary clinics in Ho Chi Minh city to diagnose hemoparasitic infections through clinical examination, May-Giemsa staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of Babesia spp. was 3.83% (55/1,437). 100% (20/20) identified as Babesia-positive by staining techniques were also confirmed positive by PCR. Free-ranging dogs (6.62%) had a higher Babesia infection than captivity dogs (2.48%). Dogs aged from 1 to 5 years (6.77%) and those over 5 years old (6.61%) were a higher infection rate compared to dogs under 1 year of age (1.51%). Male dogs (5.34%) were more frequently infected than female dogs (2.49%). Dogs infested with ticks (5.24%) were a higher Babesia spp. detection than those not infested with ticks (1.20%). Predominant clinical manifestations in Babesia-infected dogs included tick infestation (89.09%), anorexia (85.45%) and pale mucous membranes (30.91%). Hematological abnormalities among infected dogs revealed thrombocytopenia (92.31%; 43.69 × 109/L), erythrocytopenia (58.97%; 2.84 × 1012/L), leukocytosis (10.26%; 23.71 × 109/L) and leukopenia (38.46%; 3.68 × 109/L). Biochemical serum profiles of Babesia-positive dogs showed elevated levels of total bilirubin (47.62%; 1.47 mg/dL), alanine aminotransferase (38.1%; 389.5 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (52.38%; 207.3 U/L) and reduced concentrations of albumin (47.62%; 1.73 g/dL), total protein (28.57%; 3.98 g/dL) and globulin (14.29%; 1.57 g/dL). Hyperglobulinemia was also observed in 14.29% of the cases (6.7 g/dL). The treatment efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate in Babesia-infected dogs was 89.09%.
STUDY OF GROWTH INDICATORS AND SOME BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY IN PIGS FROM 7 TO 24 WEEKS OLD SUPPLEMENTED WITH AN IMMUNOGENICITY SUPPLEMENT
The study investigated the effects of immunogenic preparations on physiological blood indicators and growth performance in 756 pigs aged 7 to 24 weeks. The pigs were divided into three groups: A control group (NT1) without supplementation, an experimental 1 group (NT2) supplemented from 7 to 19 weeks and an experimental 2 group (NT3) augmented from 7 to 24 weeks. In terms of growth performance, the average weight at 24 weeks of age was comparable across groups, respectively 115.20 ± 1.21; 115.74 ± 1.83; 116.01 ± 1.40 kg/head. The feed conversion ratios from 7 - 24 weeks of age in NT1, NT2 and NT3 were 2.29, 2.26 and 2.27, respectively. Blood samples were collected and analyzed, evaluating 108 indicators, including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage. The results indicated that the red and white blood cell counts in all three groups were within normal ranges; however, hemoglobin concentration was below standard levels. The proportions of neutrophils and monocytes in the NT3 group were higher than those in the NT1 and NT2 groups, suggesting that the immunogenic preparation positively influenced the immune capacity of the pigs. Additionally, supplementation with the immunogenic product contributed to reduced veterinary costs and supplementation throughout the experimental period (7 - 24 weeks of age) incurred the lowest expenses. These results confirm the efficacy of the immunogenic product in enhancing health and growth performance in pigs.
EFFECTS OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIETS ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS, PRODUCTIVITY AND MEAT QUALITY OF SPENT HENS
This study evaluated the effects of herbal powder mixture (Bidens pilosa, cinamon and Illicium verum) or cinnamon powder on blood biochemical parameters (serum protein, blood cholesterol, liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT)), productivity and meat quality of crossbred Egyptian hens’ retirement (over a full breeding cycle). The experiment employed a completely randomized design with five dietary treatments: control (without supplementation), 1.0%, 1.5% and 2% herbal mixture supplementation, or 0.5% cinnamon powder administered from 30 to 65 weeks of age. The results showed that chickens fed a diet supplemented with 1.5 - 2.0% of the herbal mixture exhibited reduced mortality and culling rates, decreased blood cholesterol concentrations, and improved liver function. Additionally, carcass weight increased, abdominal fat content and total cholesterol levels in meat were reduced and sensory characteristics were improved. These findings confirm the potential application of herbal supplements in enhancing laying hens’ health and meat quality.
ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA LIỀU LƯỢNG VÀ LOẠI PHÂN KALI ĐẾN NĂNG SUẤT, CHẤT LƯỢNG QUẢ NHO NH01-26 TẠI TỈNH KHÁNH HÒA
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of potassium fertilizer rates and types on growth, yield, fruit quality and economic efficiency of the grape cultivar NH01-26 grown in Khanh Hoa province. The experiment was carried out over two consecutive cropping seasons in 2023 on the same soil conditions. A split-plot design with three replications was used, in which the main plots were potassium fertilizer types (K) consisting of three treatments (K1: 100% KCl; K2: 75% KCl + 25% K2SO4 and K3: 50% KCl + 50% K2SO4) and the sub-plots were potassium fertilizer rates (L) with four levels (L1: 150 kg/ha; L2: 200 kg/ha as control; L3: 250 kg/ha and L4: 300 kg/ha). The results revealed that both potassium fertilizer types and application rates significantly influenced growth, yield components, yield, and fruit quality of NH01-26 grapevine. The combination of K2L3 (250 kg/ha; 75% KCl + 25% K2SO4) markedly increased the proportion of fruitful shoots and number of clusters per vine, while producing superior yield and fruit quality. The theoretical yield reached 15.954 kg/ha, with an actual yield of 13.252 kg/ha, resulting in net profits of 481.6 million VND/ha (season 1) and 473.0 million VND/ha (season 2). These findings highlight the critical role of potassium, particularly when combining KCl with K2SO4, in improving yield, fruit quality and economic efficiency of NH01-26 grapevine, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing sustainable cultivation practices for NH01-26 in Khanh Hoa province.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Enhydra fluctuans L. EXTRACT AGAINST Fusarium incarnatum CAUSING POSTHARVEST FRUIT ROT OF DRAGON FRUIT
This study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungal pathogen causing disease and to evaluate the antifungal activity of the Enhydra fluctuans L. extract against Fusarium, the causal agent of postharvest fruit rot in dragon fruit. Isolation from diseased dragon fruit samples revealed that strain TL1 exhibited morphological characteristics typical of the genus Fusarium. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that strain TL1 shared 100% sequence similarity with published F. incarnatum sequences in the GenBank database. In addition, Enhydra fluctuans L. extract exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of F. incarnatum under in vitro conditions. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth was observed at a concentration of 700 µg/mL, whereas spore germination was completely suppressed at 5,000 mg/mL. Antifungal activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, as evidenced by a significant reduction in colony diameter and spore density on PDA medium. These findings indicate that Enhydra fluctuans L. extract has potential for application as a plant-derived, environmentally friendly, and safe natural antifungal agent for postharvest preservation of dragon fruit, contributing to a reduced reliance on synthetic chemical fungicides.
RESULTS OF BREEDING SEED-LOTUS HYBRIDS IN VIETNAM
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is widely cultivated across Viet Nam, where its seeds constitute a major harvested product. To develop cultivars with improved seed yield and quality, breeding program was conducted at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute during the period 2022 - 2024. From this effort, 16 promising hybrid crosses were obtained, showing pod-setting rates of 30 - 80% and filled-seed percentages of 37.5 - 93.1%. Through selective line evaluations, two seed-type lotus hybrids, 22S06-8 and 22S12-14, were selected. These hybrids exhibit high flowering density (> 33 flowers/m²/year), high seed yield (pod-setting rate > 85% and filled-seed percentage > 80%) and desirable seed quality (starch content 17.0 - 17.1% and protein content 8.53 - 8.55%), along with low susceptibility to major pests and diseases. This study provides the first systematically evaluated seed-lotus cultivars developed through hybrid breeding in Viet Nam, offering new genetic resources for both commercial cultivation and future breeding programs.
APPLICATION OF DNA BARCODE ITS2 FOR IDENTIFYING Panax stipuleanatus Tsai et Feng IN TUYEN QUANG PROVINCE
Panax stipuleanatus Tsai et Feng is a valuable medicinal plant naturally distributed in several mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam and is classified as a rare and endangered species due to overexploitation and habitat degradation. Accurate species identification is essential for effective conservation and sustainable use. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA barcode was employed to authenticate P. stipuleanatus using ten samples collected from natural populations in Tuyen Quang province (Tung Vai, Nam Dich and Nam Dan). Total genomic DNA was extracted from young leaf tissues using the CTAB method. The ITS2 region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pair ITS2-F/ITS4-R, sequenced and compared with reference sequences retrieved from the GenBank database. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method implemented in MEGA11 software. The ITS2 region was successfully amplified in all samples, yielding fragments of approximately 480 bp. Sequence similarity analysis revealed more than 99% identity with reference sequences of P. stipuleanatus (GenBank accession numbers MK408811.1, MK408807.1, and MK408781.1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all samples clustered clearly within the P. stipuleanatus clade, with very low genetic distances (0.00 - 0.003) and were clearly distinct from other Panax species, including P. vietnamensis, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. These findings demonstrate that ITS2 is a reliable and effective DNA barcode for accurate identification of P. stipuleanatus, providing important support for taxonomic studies, germplasm authentication and conservation of this endangered medicinal plant in Vietnam.
RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN VIETNAM AS BOTANICAL PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
Botanical plant protection products are essential tools in integrated pest management, particularly in the context of organic agriculture development. This review synthesizes research on the potential use of Vietnamese plants as botanical plant protection products, including: (1) biological activities of native plant species; (2) the status of registration, production, and use of botanical plant protection products in Vietnam. A synthesis of studies shows that 571 plant species were screened (2007 - 2014), of which 48 species exhibited insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura and 237 species showed antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Currently, 189 botanical plant protection products are permitted for use in Vietnam (accounting for 18% of total registered biological plant protection products), primarily based on five active ingredients: matrine, azadirachtin, saponin, rotenone and eugenol, though most are imported or repackaged domestically. Vietnam possesses abundant plant resources such as Azadirachta indica, Derris spp., Sophora spp., Artemisia spp. (“thanh hao”), Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca spp. with high potential and applicability. To develop botanical plant protection products at industrial scale, it is necessary to strengthen research and screening of resource-rich plant species with low development costs and ease of application, while enhancing international cooperation to access advanced technologies, thereby promoting sustainable development of Vietnam's botanical plant protection industry.
STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DISTRIBUTION, AND REGENERATION OF ARDISIA SYLVESTRIS PITARD IN CUC PHUONG NATIONAL PARK
Ardisia sylvestris Pitard belonging to the family Myrsinaceae, is a native plant species widely distributed in tropical moist forests of Vietnam. This species holds high medicinal value and is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat stomach disorders, ulcers and to support digestion. This paper provides scientific information on the morphology and distribution of A. sylvestris in Cuc Phuong National Park. The research results show that, in terms of morphological characteristics, A. sylvestris reaches an average height of 0.5 - 3.0 m and usually grows monopodially. The stem is smooth, glabrous, with light gray bark; the creeping rhizome has a spongy hollow structure. Leaves are concentrated at the top of the stem. Flowers are arranged in clusters, 10 - 15 cm long; the main axis bears 4 - 6 secondary axes, each carrying 5 - 10 flowers grouped into umbels. In terms of distribution, the habitat where A. sylvestris grows has a cool and humid climate year-round, with an average temperature of about 22.5°C. Relative humidity is high and fairly stable throughout the year, averaging 85%. Average rainfall 1680 mm. Soil bulk density varies between 1.06 and 1.15; the topsoil is rich in humus and moist. Soil depth exceeds 70 cm; soil texture ranges from light to medium and heavy loam, with low stone content, good water infiltration and drainage. Soil pH ranges from slightly acidic to highly acidic. The number of A. sylvestris individuals recorded ranges from 50 to 380 trees per ha, with the highest density found in moist rich forest types (IIIA2, IIIB), where canopy cover and soil moisture are high. The species regenerates by seeds, mainly of quality grade A.
REFINING THE IUCN GLOBAL STANDARD THROUGH EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS IN EVALUATING NATURE-BASED RIVERBANK PROTECTION SOLUTIONS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE
This study aims to evaluate the applicability of the IUCN Global Standard when applied to three riverbank protection solutions in An Giang province, including tire revetments, geotextile sandbag revetments and Melaleuca pile revetments. Survey data were analyzed using Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The results show that the tire revetment achieved the highest reliability, with seven out of eight criteria exceeding the Alpha threshold of 0.7; the Melaleuca pile revetment reached a moderate level; while the geotextile sandbag revetment exhibited instability across several criteria. After removing weak indicators, the EFA reduced the initial 28 indicators to 13 valid ones, which were categorized into three main factors: (i) Governance - Trade-offs - Policy Integration, (ii) Social and Design-at-Scale and (iii) Financial and Ecological Resources, explaining a total variance of 61.2%. These findings suggest that the IUCN framework should be refined to better reflect the practical conditions of the Mekong Delta, while reaffirming the critical importance of governance, finance and socio-ecological balance in implementing nature-based riverbank protection solutions.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RICE NOODLE PRODUCTS SUPPLEMENTED WITH PUMPKIN POWDER Cucurbita moschata Duchesne
Round pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) is a food source rich in carotenoids, polyphenols and beneficial minerals, yet it is mainly consumed fresh or through simple processing. Meanwhile, rice noodles are a traditional and popular food in Vietnam, but they are low in bioactive compounds and minerals. This study aimed to develop rice noodles fortified with pumpkin flour to diversify products and enhance nutritional - bioactive value, to increase carotenoids, polyphenols and potassium. Round pumpkin raw materials are rich in carotenoids (9.368 ± 0.4 mg/100 g), polyphenols (87.537± 0.54 mg GAE/100 g) and potassium (213.552 ± 0.32 mg/100 g). Suitable conditions were determined to include: drying pumpkin flour at 50°C for 12 h, drying the noodle strands at 50°C for 3 h to obtain a noodle product rich in carotenoids (2.573 ± 0.025 mg/100 g), polyphenols (58.796 ± 0.25 mg GAE/100 g) and potassium (66.06 ± 2.03 mg/100 g); met safety limits for selected heavy metals and showed no detectable yeasts or molds. Cooking the noodles by boiling at 100°C for 7 min and subsequent sensory evaluation indicated a natural orange-yellow color, mildly sweet taste, characteristic aroma, and suitable chewiness. This study affirms the feasibility and practical applicability of pumpkin-fortified rice noodles.
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL CONTENT IN BLACK SOLDIER FLY PUPA (Hermetia illucens) FOR SUPPLEMENTARY APPLICATION IN ANIMAL FEED
This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) at different developmental stages and to determine optimal rearing conditions for biomass and nutrient accumulation. The results showed that substrate pH significantly affected larval survival and biomass. Survival rates from larva to prepupa were highest at pH 6.0 - 8.0 (98.44 - 99.44%) and markedly lower at pH 2.0, 4.0, 10.0. Larval biomass was also higher under neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. Proximate analysis indicated that larval moisture content reached 77.95% and ash content was 8.86%. Crude protein content at 4, 14 and 28 days of age was 44.7%, 45.0% and 48.6%, respectively, while lipid content was 17.4%, 15.4% and 21.5%. These results demonstrate that black soldier fly larvae and prepupae are nutrient-rich resources with high potential as alternative protein and lipid sources for animal feed, partially replacing conventional feed ingredients.
EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATE NPK FERTILIZER ON RICE YIELD IN ACID SULFATE SOIL IN TAY NINH PROVINCE
This study evaluated the antibacterial capability of three optimized herbal extracts against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, including Piper betle, Ocimum basilicum and Centella asiatica. The optimization was carried out on three extracting conditions: i) ethanol concentration (30, 50, 70, 95%); ii) soaking duration (3, 5, 7, 9 days); and iii) ratio of sample (g) & solvent (mL) (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40). Results identified the optimal procedure as follows: (i) ethanol concentration of 70%, soaking duration of 7 days, 1:30 ratio for Piper betle and Ocimum basilicum, 1:40 ratio forCentella asiatica. The optimized extracts were then compared with the unoptimized ones for zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the bacteriacidal capability on enumeration culture. Optimized extracts improved ZDI against V. parahaemolyticus by 1.5 times (P < 0,05), together with MIC and MBC by 2 times. Moreover, optimized extracts also reduced the bacterial number in enumeration culture by 10 times (P < 0,05) in comparison with the unoptimized ones. Therefore, this study indicated the enhancement in antibacterial capability of the optimized herbal extracts and also highlighted their potential use in V. parahaemolyticus treatment.
EVALUATION OF THE ENHANCEMENT IN ANTIBACTERIAL CAPABILITY OF HERBS AGAINST Vibrio parahaemolyticus USING OPTIMIZED EXTRACTION PROCESS
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF Rhynchostylis giagantea L. HON HEO
Ngoc Diem Hon Heo is one of the precious native orchid species of VietNam. The application of plant tissue culture techniques not only contributes to preserving precious genetic resources but also helps to quickly multiply and create a large number of seedlings. The results showed that Ngoc Diem Hon Heo shoots were sterilized in Javel 50% for 20 minutes for a rate of sterile living samples reach 33.3%. The MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IBA is suitable for inducing PLBs from shoots with 2.22 PLBs after 8 week. The most appropriate medium for fast in vitro propagation of shoots was MS + 30% coconut water. The VW medium used for growing of complete plants. Tissue-cultured Ngoc Diem Hon Heo plants achieved a high survival rate of 94.7% on a substrate of 1 forest moss: 1 charcoal and watered once a day after 240 days.
STUDY ON DETERMINING THE SUITABLE PLANTING DENSITY FOR THE BLACK BEAN VARIETY ĐEV19 IN HA NOI CITY AND NGHE AN PROVINCE
Black bean is a short-duration crop with high nutritional value and plays an important role in crop rotation. The newly developed variety ĐEV19 has not yet been studied for its optimal planting density. This study was conducted in the Spring and Summer seasons in Ha Noi city and Nghe An province to determine the suitable planting density for the variety. The experiment included five planting densities (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 plants/m²), arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the growth duration ranged from 71 to 95 days depending on season and location; both growth duration and the number of primary branches per plant decreased as planting density increased. In the spring season, the highest yield was achieved at a density of 25 - 30 plants/m², reaching 2.31 - 2.40 t/ha in Ha Noi and 1.77 - 1.86 t/ha in Nghe An province. In the summer season, the highest yield was observed at a density of 20 - 25 plants/m², reaching 1.54 - 1.62 t/ha in Ha Noi city and 1.65 - 1.75 t/ha in Nghe An province. Therefore, the suitable planting density for ĐEV19 is 25 - 30 plants/m² in the spring and 20 - 25 plants/m² in the summer.
RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE RICE GERMPLASM COLLECTION IN 2025 AT AN KHANH COMMUNE, HANOI CITY
The rice research collection comprised 300 accessions collected from different ecological regions in several northern provinces. Among these, 282 accessions (94.0%) were of medium growth duration, while the remaining accessions exhibited short-and long-duration growth periods. The accessions showed a high level of diversity in morphological and agronomic traits. The grain husk color of the collection was highly variable, including white, light brown, brown, red, partially purple and purple. Most accessions had large grain size and several accessions exhibited high yield potential. The evaluation results also indicated that changes in cultivation ecological conditions can alter certain morphological characteristics of genetic resources, particularly those collected from the mountainous provinces of Northern Vietnam.
A STUDY ON THE AGRO-BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF “DO NGOT” (RED AND SWEET) PUMMELO CULTIVAR GROWN IN HOAI DUC DISTRICT, HA NOI CITY
Considered as one of preciously valued germplasm of pummelo in Day river delta cultivated in Duong Lieu commune, Hoai Duc district, Ha Noi city, “Do Ngot” (red and sweet) cultivar has paid an important role in improving living standard of local people. Results conducted from the research into its agrobiological characteristics, growth and development showed that the trees of “Do Ngot” cultivar are healthy, rarely affected by serious pests and diseases, early blooming (about 20 days earlier than other pummelo varieties cultivated in the region), quite high rate of fruiting set (2.14%), high yield (194.1 kg/tree). The fruit is easy to peel, drained juice vesicle, crispy with strong sweet taste. It is also specially mentioned that high concentration of lycopene, beta-carotene and vitamin C that are helpful for mankind health were recorded in the fruit of the cultivar (2.18 mg/100 mg, 0.33 mg/100 mg and 76.00 mg/100 g respectively).
SOLUTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE ANNUAL LAND USE PLAN: A STUDY IN UONG BI CITY, QUANG NINH PROVINCE
The paper aims to evaluate the results and propose solutions for effectively implementing the annual land use plan (LUP) in Uong Bi city, Quang Ninh province. The methods used were: data collection; Likert scale assessment, time-based assessment and land use indicators. In the period 2021 - 2024, the LUP is often approved later than legal regulations. 61.17% of land use indicators were implemented at a very good level ([d] < 10%); 14.56% of indicators were implemented at a good level ([d] = 10 - < 20%); 11.65% of indicators were implemented at an average level [d] = 20 - < 30%; 2.91% of indicators were implemented at a poor level ([d] = 30 - < 40%) and 9.71% of indicators were implemented at a very poor level [d] > 40%). The total number of projects according to the approved land use plan was 493; of which, the rate of completed projects was only 12.37%; the rate of projects transferred to the following year was up to 70.59% and the rate of canceled projects was 17.04%. Civil servants rated 4 out of 10 criteria at a very good level, 6 out of 10 criteria at a good level. To effectively implement the land use plan, it is necessary to implement the following groups of solutions: Increase information transparency and publicity; improve management and operation capacity to implement the land use plan; strengthen inter-sectoral and inter-level coordination; promote community participation; diversify financial resources for the land use plan.
DEVELOMENT OF FISHERIES MATERIALS PRODUCTION AREAS IN MEKONG DELTA - CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTION
The Mekong delta is a largest area and biggest production aquaculture region of Vietnam. The aquaculture production of Mekong delta has always made significant contributions to the overall development of the fisheries industry of Vietnam over time. However, recently, the aquaculture sector, particularly shrimp and catfish - the two key products of the Mekong delta has started to reveal some limitations in production organization methods. The disorganized, spontaneous, and small-scale production is one of the main reasons limiting the effectiveness of this industry. A raw fisheries material production area is a very suitable alternative in the current context. However, reorganizing traditional aquaculture production into a raw material area is facing numerous challenges. This article aims to propose solutions to establish links and gradually form a seafood raw material area in the Mekong delta.
PRODUCTION OF NANOCHITIN FROM WHITELEG SHRIMP SHELLS VIA ACID HYDROLYSIS COMBINED WITH ULTRASONICATION FOR SALT REDUCTION APPLICATIONS IN FOOD
Chitin sourced from white-leg shrimp shell waste presents low water solubility, restricting its incorporation into applied systems. However, transforming chitin into a nanoscale form enhances its dispersion behavior and functional performance, expanding its potential applications. This study focused on establishing conditions for acid-assisted hydrolysis coupled with ultrasonication to produce nanochitin to support sodium reduction in food systems. In the optimised procedure, shrimp shell chitin was hydrolyzed using 3.5 N HCl at 90°C with an acid-to-chitin ratio of 25: 1 (mL/g) for 150 minutes. The hydrolysate was then neutralized and subjected to ultrasonication at 86% amplitude for 36 minutes, applying a solvent-to-substrate ratio of 68:1. The final product was collected by freeze-drying. Characterization showed an average particle size of 420 nm, solubility of 67.62%, and a zeta potential of 20.7 mV. When 0.03% NaCl was introduced, a notable decrease in zeta potential was recorded, suggesting an interaction between nanochitin and chloride ions. This ionic association is believed to enhance saltiness perception. Sensory testing indicated that nanochitin at 100 μg/mL significantly intensified the taste of salt in a 0.65% NaCl solution (p < 0.05). The findings underline nanochitin’s potential role in reducing sodium levels in food without compromising flavor, contributing to healthier dietary strategies, and supporting cardiovascular health.
EFFECT OF INFRARED DRYING TEMPERATURE AND STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF JELLY MADE FROM RED-FLESHED DRAGON FRUIT (Hylocereus polyrhizus)
Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is a popular tropical fruit known for its distinctive shape, vibrant color and high nutritional value, including vitamins A, C and B-group vitamins, as well as pigments and antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids and betalains. However, convection-dried dragon fruit products have disadvantages, such as poor flavor control, color loss and a lack of characteristic aroma. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of infrared drying temperatures (50, 55, 60°C) on the quality changes of red-fleshed dragon fruit – pineapple jelly based on restructuring technology using agar as the gelling agent. The aim was to enhance aroma, reduce color changes and maintain flavor during storage (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). The results showed that when the jelly was dried at 55°C and stored for 21 days, its quality remained stable, with a water activity (aw) of 0.57, betacyanin content of 281.97 mg/kg, vitamin C content of 587.79 mg/kg and total phenolic content (TPC) of 1223.63 mg GAE/kg. The color values were L (19.80), a (49.09) and ΔE (15.68), indicating significant color differences between day 0 and day 21. These findings suggest that infrared drying holds potential for jelly production, helping to maintain product quality during storage.
THE EFFECT OF RATIO OF NPK FERTILIZERS DURING THE FRUIT DEVELOPMENT STAGE ON THE YIELD AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER SYMPTOMS OF FLESH OF MUSANG KING DURIAN (Durio zibethinus Murr.) ON THE OFF-SEASON IN TAN BINH COMMUNE, CAN THO CITY
The study aims to determine the effectiveness of NPK fertilizer ratios during the fruit development stages on physiological disorders symptoms (PDS) in 7-year-old Musang King durian trees in Tan Binh commune, Can Tho city on the off-season from February to August 2024. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments, five replications, each experimental unit corresponding to one tree. The six treatments involved different ratio of NPK fertilizer applied at three stages: 30, 45, 60 days after fruit set (DAFS), with 1,000 grams of fertilizer applied per tree per time. The results revealed that the ratio of NPK fertilizer applied during the fruit development stages significantly affected the fruit weight components, yield, fruit quality, and PDS in MK’s flesh. Applying NPK fertilizer with high ratio of nitrogen (3: 1: 1, 2: 1: 1) at 30 and 45 days after fruit set (DAFS), then increasing ratio of potassium (2: 1: 3) at 60 DAFS helps boost yield but also increases the incidence of PDS (23.6 - 29.6%). Conversely, applying high ratio of nitrogen (2: 1: 1) at 30 DAFS, then elevated ratio of potassium (2: 1: 3 and 1: 1: 3) at 45 and 60 DAFS, not only improves yield and fruit quality but also reduces PDS in MK durians. It is recommended to apply NPK fertilizer ratios for 7-year-old MK durian trees during fruit development in the following: 2: 1: 1 (30 DAFS), 2: 1: 3 (45 DAFS), 1: 1: 3 (60 DAFS), with a dosage of 1.000 grams/tree/time, to achieve high yield, and reduce PDS on the off-season.
STUDIES ON SUITABLE NPK FERTILIZER DOSAGE FOR DA XANH POMELO (Citrus grandis L.) GROWING IN BEN TRE PROVINCE
The aim of this study is to determine the appropriate dosage and ratio of fertilizer for Daxanh pomelo during the production cycle in Ben Tre province. Ten experiments with different formulas were conducted in 2 years on the area of 07-year-old Daxanh pomelo. The efficiency of fertilizer is determined on the basis of calculating yield, quality of pomelo and economic efficiency. The results showed that the formula with the highest yield and quality of pomelo was CT7 formula (370 g N + 445 g P2O5 + 370 g K2O + 40 kg Manure)/plant/year. The net yield in CT7 formula was 82.79 (in 2020) and 59.60 (in 2021) kg/plant CT7 formula also gave the best fruit quality with average dry matter content of 10.54% and 9.97%. The Brix level in the CT7 formula is statistically significantly higher than the control formula and reaches from 10.65 to 11.08%. In both years, 2020 and 2021, CT7 gave the highest economic efficiency with the profit is 161.65 million VND/ha/year (2020) and 49.94 million VND/ha/year (2021).
USING MULTIPLEX RT - PCR FOR DETECTION OF Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) AND Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) IN Cymbidium ORCHIDS
Cymbidium orchids, belonging to the Orchidaceae family, are an orchid group with high economic value and are among the most popular orchids on the market. Currently, diseases caused by viruses pose a major challenge for orchid producing and exporting countries. Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are two common viruses that cause harm to orchids, including Cymbidium. The purpose of this study was to quickly and accurately detect both CymMV and ORSV on Cymbidium orchids using Multiplex RT - PCR. The results showed that a total of 44 out of 48 Cymbidium orchid samples were infected with the virus, resulting in an infection rate of 91.6%. Of these, 43 out of 48 Cymbidium orchid samples were infected with CymMV (89.5%). In contrast, only 1 Cymbidium orchid sample was infected with ORSV (0.2%), only 1 sample was infected with both ORSV and CymMV (0.2%). Furthermore, 4 out of 48 (0.83%) samples were not infected with either ORSV or CymMV. The results indicated that CymMV-infected orchids showed necrotic sunken lesions, round black spots, black necrotic streaks, chlorotic streaking on leaves, while ORSV-infected orchids exhibited symptoms of stripped mosaic, diamond mottle, ringspots on leaves. These archived results provide useful additional information about viruses affecting orchids, particularly Cymbidium orchids.
RESEARCH ON SEED PROPAGATION OF Dioscorea collettii Hook.f.
Dioscorea collettii is a plant that regenerates by seeds or tubers. This study focuses on determining seed treatment measures, sowing season, seeding methods on germination rate and the effects of age and seedling size on survival and growth rate of Dioscorea collettii seedlings in Si Lo Lau commune, Lai Chau province. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Seed treatment measures were carried out with 2 experiments: seed treatment with 54oC water including five treatments (Untreated (Control); seed soaking for 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours) and GA3 solution 500 ppm including four treatments (Untreated (Control); seed soaking for 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours). The seasonal experiment included four treatments (Sowing on 15/1; 15/2; 15/3; 15/4). The experiment on sowing methods included four treatments (Sowing seeds directly on the substrate in the field; in a covered garden; after sowing, seeds were covered with a 0.5 - 1 cm thick layer of substrate in the field and in a covered garden). The experiment on the age and size of seedlings included 5 formulas (60-day-old plants; 90-day-old plants; 120-day-old plants; 150-day-old plants). The research showed that: The best method of treating seeds with warm water at 54 degrees for 9 hours, removing and draining, continuing to soak the seeds in a GA3 solution with a concentration of 500 ppm for 3 hours gave a germination rate of 84%. The most suitable season for sowing seeds was March 15, giving a germination rate of 86%. The research also showed that after sowing, seeds were covered with a 0.5 - 1 cm thick layer of substrate in a covered nursery, the germination rate reached 91%. Seedlings at 90 days old are most suitable for a survival rate of 67.7%.
SURVEYING THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTHAND PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAY OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus sajor-caju) IN THE FIRST GENERATION
The study was conducted to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on the growth, development and productivity of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The mushroom mycelium was treated with different irradiation doses (0 kGy, 0.25 kGy, 0.5 kGy, 0.75 kGy, 1 kGy). After irradiation, the mushroom samples were assessed in primary and secondary nutrient medium as well as in substrates medium. Results on the primary nutrient medium, including both PGA and PGAY, showed that the control (0 kGy) had the fastest mycelial growth. Among the irradiated treatments, the mycelium grew best at a dose of 0.25 kGy on both PGA and PGAY media. As the irradiation dose increased the rate of mycelial spread and the quality of the mycelium gradually decreased. On the secondary medium (boiled rice supplemented with rice bran), a dose of 0.25 kGy resulted in the best mycelial growth among all treatments, whereas higher doses, such as 0.75 kGy and 1 kGy, produced slower and thinner mycelial spread. On the substrate medium mycelial spread rates showed no statistically significant differences among treatments. The 0.25 kGy treatment resulted in the shortest harvest time (average of 69.6 days) and the highest biological efficiency (11.56%). The study’s results indicate that irradiation affects the growth and development of Pleurotus sajor-caju across different propagation media, potentially increasing or decreasing mushroom yield and quality.