China and India’s innovation: Lessons for Vietnam

Abstract

The paper analyzes the innovation processes in China and India, the two countries having gone through rapid growth thanks to policies that supported research, technological advancement, and talent attraction. While China focused on high technology investment, digital infrastructure, and startup ecosystem, India stood out with its cost-saving innovation model and software industry development. From these two models, the paper draws lessons for Vietnam in formulating effective science and technology policies, strengthening the linkages between the state, businesses, and academic institutions, and developing high-quality human resources to promote sustainable innovation in the context of global integration.